Understanding the legal framework surrounding sequestrations is crucial for individuals seeking relief from overwhelming financial obligations. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the law applicable to sequestrations in South Africa, covering the key legislation, procedures and considerations for individuals and creditors.

What is Sequestration?

Sequestration is a legal process in South Africa that deals with personal insolvency, providing a mechanism for individuals to address their financial difficulties and manage their debts. Sequestration is when the estate of a person is sequestrated because the person is insolvent i.e. no longer able to pay his/her debts due to uncontrollable circumstances (the person’s estate is surrendered by order of the court). The estate of natural persons, partnerships and trusts can be sequestrated.

Legal Framework

The primary legislation governing sequestrations in South Africa is the Insolvency Act of 1936. This Act sets out the legal framework for personal insolvency, including the processes and requirements for sequestration.

Types of Sequestration

There are two types of sequestrations under South African law:

• Voluntary Sequestration: Voluntary sequestration occurs when an individual voluntarily surrenders their estate to be sequestrated. This is typically done by filing an application with the High Court, providing evidence of the individual's inability to pay their debts.

• Compulsory Sequestration: Compulsory sequestration is initiated by creditors seeking to recover their debts from an individual. It involves applying to the court for a sequestration order based on evidence of the individual's insolvency.

Initiation of Sequestration

The procedures for initiating sequestration differ based on whether it is voluntary or compulsory:

• Voluntary Sequestration: To initiate voluntary sequestration, the debtor must file an application with the High Court, accompanied by a statement of affairs detailing their assets, liabilities and creditors. A trustee is then appointed to administer the sequestration.

• Compulsory Sequestration: Creditors can initiate compulsory sequestration by applying to the court for a sequestration order. The application must be supported by evidence of the debtor's insolvency and inability to pay debts.

Appointment of a Trustee

Upon sequestration, a trustee is appointed to administer the estate of the insolvent individual. The trustee is responsible for managing the assets, settling liabilities and distributing any remaining funds to creditors.

Creditors' Claims and Distribution of Assets

Creditors have the right to submit their claims to the trustee. The trustee verifies and adjudicates the claims, following a prescribed process. The assets of the insolvent individual are then distributed to creditors based on their ranking and priority as stipulated by law.

Legal Considerations

During the sequestration process, several legal considerations come into play:

• Stay of Legal Proceedings: Once sequestration proceedings commence, a stay is imposed on legal actions against the insolvent individual. This protects them from further legal action while the sequestration is underway.

• Examination of Affairs: The trustee has the power to investigate the affairs of the insolvent individual, including their financial transactions, assets and liabilities. This is done to determine the accuracy of the statement of affairs and to identify any fraudulent activity.

• Rehabilitation and Discharge: The Insolvency Act provides for the rehabilitation of insolvent individuals. Once certain conditions are met, the individual may apply for a discharge from sequestration, which releases them from the legal restrictions imposed during the process.

When will a Court grant a Sequestration Order?

A Court will grant a sequestration order if it is satisfied that the person who is the subject matter of the application is insolvent, typically in a forced sequestrations only a case a provisional sequestration order will be made by the Court. A provisional sequestration order is an interim order that has have a return date i.e. a date on which you have to return to Court and when on such date the Court will finally decide on the facts whether you are factually insolvent. In a voluntary sequestration application, no provisional sequestration order will be made.

If the Court finds that you are factually insolvent on the return date, then the Court will make a final sequestration order.

What are the Effects of Sequestration?

Sequestration of a person’s estate results in a change in the person’s status, i.e. capitis diminutio, which means that the person’s contractual capacity and right to enforce certain claims are diminished and certain positions and appointments are forbidden.

Additionally, the assets of the insolvent person shall vest in the Master from the date of sequestration until a trustee is appointed, whereafter the assets vest in the trustee.

All civil process issued by or against the insolvent person are stayed and the execution of any judgment is stayed the moment the sheriff becomes aware of the sequestration order.

Conclusion

Understanding the law applicable to sequestrations in South Africa is essential for individuals facing overwhelming financial difficulties and seeking relief from their debts. By following the procedures outlined in the Insolvency Act of 1936, initiating either voluntary or compulsory sequestration, appointing a trustee, and complying with the distribution of assets, the process can be navigated in a fair and orderly manner. It is important for individuals considering sequestration to seek professional advice from experts in insolvency and legal matters to ensure compliance with the legal requirements and to understand the implications of the process.

Additionally, creditors involved in sequestration proceedings should be aware of their rights and responsibilities. By submitting their claims to the trustee and actively participating in the process, creditors can increase their chances of recovering debts owed to them.

Overall, the law applicable to sequestrations in South Africa provides a framework for individuals to address personal insolvency and manage their debts. By understanding the procedures, requirements, and legal considerations involved, individuals can make informed decisions and take the necessary steps towards resolving their financial difficulties. Seeking professional advice is crucial to navigate the complexities of the law and ensure the best possible outcome.

Remember, the information provided in this article serves as a general guide and should not be considered as legal advice. It is recommended to consult with legal professionals specializing in insolvency law to obtain personalized advice based on your specific circumstances.

In conclusion, understanding the legal framework applicable to sequestrations in South Africa is essential for individuals seeking relief from overwhelming debts. By familiarizing themselves with the Insolvency Act of 1936, following the appropriate procedures, and seeking professional guidance, individuals can navigate the sequestration process effectively and work towards achieving financial stability.

Barter McKellar’s insolvency attorneys are able to advise you on the various issues surrounding insolvency. If you would like to find out more, contact our offices.